Authors Addendum:
Meditation techniques continue to gain popularity as innovative and effective means to address stress, anxiety and other health disorders. Comparing some of the most popular meditation and self-development techniques, researchers are suggesting that the many meditation techniques actually differ widely with regard to the cognitive processes, neurophysiological effects and behavioral outcomes involved in the practice. As a result, the different types of meditation can be classified according to their EEG signatures, i.e. focused attention techniques, open monitoring techniques and automatic Self-transcending techniques. This is elaborated as follows.
1. Focused attention techniques. The first type includes focused attention or concentration techniques. It is characterized by EEG in the beta-2 (20-30 Hz) and gamma (30-50 Hz) frequency bands, associated with voluntary sustained control of attention which keeps the mind focused on the object of meditation and may involve concentration.
2. Open monitoring techniques. The second type includes open monitoring or mindfulness based techniques. This involves "dispassionate" non-evaluative monitoring of ongoing experience. This type of technique is characterized by frontal theta (5-8 Hz) EEG and in some cases occipital gamma (30-50 Hz) EEG.
3. Automatic Self-transcending techniques. The Transcendental Meditation technique falls within the third category known as automatic self-transcending meditation and is associated with alpha-1 (7-9 Hz) EEG. Alpha frequency is correlated with reduced mental activity and relaxation.
Researchers have explained that whereas concentration and open monitoring meditations both require some mental effort (i.e. holding the attention on an object or maintaining a state of open monitoring), automatic self-transcending meditation is the effortless transcending of the meditation process itself. It is said to automatically lead to the experience of pure transcendental consciousness or pure awareness, in which the subject is fully awake within themselves without any outward focus on an object or a process of attention.
Research published more recently in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine also studied the effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on trait anxiety via a meta-analysis. This included subjects with high levels of anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder as well as prison inmates. The results found the Transcendental Meditation program to be more effective than normal anxiety treatment as well as a majority of alternative treatments, with greatest effects observed in individuals with high anxiety.
References 1. Cahn, B. R., Delorme, A., & Polich, J. (2010). Occipital gamma activation during Vipassana meditation. Cognitive Processes, 11(1), 39-56. 2. Orme-Johnson, D. W. & Barnes Vernon A. (2014). Effects of the Transcendental Meditation Technique on Trait Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 20(5): 330-341. 3. Palva, S. & Palva, J. M. (2007). New vistas for alpha-frequency band oscillations. Trends in Neurosciences, 30(4), 150-158. 4. Travis, F., & Shear, J. (2010). Focused attention, open monitoring and automatic selftranscending: Categories to organize meditations from Vedic, Buddhist and Chinese traditions. Consciousness and Cognition, 19(4).1110-1118.
Simi Summer, PhD is an organic advocate, independent researcher, educator, and free lance writer. She is a strong proponent of organic consumer education and informed consumer choices.
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